Percentage of importance indice-production unknown: loss and solution sources identification on system

Abstract Indices are used to help on decision-making. This study aims to develop and test an index, which can determine the loss (e.g., herbivorous insects) and solution (e.g., natural enemies) sources. They will be classified according to their importance regarding the ability to damage or to reduce the source of damage to the system when the final production is unknown. Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs, and it is adequate to evaluate a new index. The formula was: Percentage of the Importance Indice-Production Unknown (% I.I.-PU) = [(ks1 x c1 x ds1)/ (ks1 x c1 x ds1) + (ks2 x c2 x ds2) + (ksn x cn x dsn)] x 100. The loss sources Aethalion reticulatum L., 1767 (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Stereoma anchoralis Lacordaire, 1848 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and Tettigoniidae, and solution sources Uspachus sp. (Araneae: Salticidae), Salticidae (Araneae), and Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) showed the highest % I.I.-PU on leaves of A. auriculiformis saplings. The number of Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was reduced per number of Salticidae; that of A. reticulatum that of Uspachus sp.; and that of Cephalocoema sp. (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) that of P. termitarius on A. auriculiformis saplings. However, the number of Aleyrodidae was increased per number of Cephalotes sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and that of A. reticulatum that of Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on A. auriculiformis saplings. The A. reticulatum damage was reduced per number of Uspachus sp., but the Aleyrodidae damage was increased per number of Cephalotes sp., totaling 23.81% of increase by insect damages on A. auriculiformis saplings. Here I show and test the % I.I.-PU. It is an new index that can detect the loss or solution sources on a system when production is unknown. It can be applied in some knowledge areas.

Resumo Índices são usados para ajudar na tomada de decisões. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e testar um índice capaz de determinar fontes de perda (ex.: insetos herbívoros) e de solução (ex.: inimigos naturais). Eles serão classificados de acordo com sua importância quanto a habilidade de danificar ou reduzir danos no sistema, quando a produção final é desconhecida. Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae), uma espécie pioneira não nativa do Brasil com rápido crescimento e rusticidade, usada em programas de restauração, é adequada para avaliar um novo índice. A fórmula foi: Porcentagem de Índice de Importância-Produção Desconhecida (% I.I.-PD) = [(ks1 x c1 x ds1)/ (ks1 x c1 x ds1) + (ks2 x c2 x ds2) + (ksn x cn x dsn)] x 100. As fontes de perda Aethalion reticulatum L., 1767 (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Stereoma anchoralis Lacordaire, 1848 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) e Tettigoniidae, e as fontes de solução Uspachus sp. (Araneae: Salticidae), Salticidae (Araneae) e Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) apresentaram maiores % I.I.-PD nas folhas das mudas de A. auriculiformis. O número de Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) foi reduzido pelo número de Salticidae; o de A. reticulatum pelo de Uspachus sp.; e o de Cephalocoema sp. (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) pelo de P. termitarius em mudas de A. auriculiformis. Entretanto, o número de Aleyrodidae foi aumentado pelo número de Cephalotes sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e o de A. reticulatum pelo de Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em mudas de A. auriculiformis. O dano de A. reticulatum foi reduzido pelo número de Uspachus sp., mas o dano de Aleyrodidae foi aumentado pelo número de Cephalotes sp., totalizando 23,81% de aumento de danos em mudas de A. auriculiformis. Aqui eu apresento e testo o % I.I.-PD. Ele é um novo índice capaz de detectar fontes de perda e de solução no sistema quando não se conhece a produção final. Ele pode ser aplicado em algumas áreas do conhecimento.

Do arthropods and diseases affect the production of fruits on Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae)?

Abstract Frequencies, magnitudes, and distributions of occurrence can affect the events. The problem can be worse or the solution better if greater frequencies and magnitudes are presented with aggregated distribution in the production system. Indices, hence, are used to assist in decision-making on certain issues. The system formed by Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae), a typical and economically important Brazilian Cerrado tree species, and its several arthropods are adequate to evaluate a new index. This study aimed to test an index to identify the loss and solution sources and their importance in the system's loss or income gain. The index is: Percentage of Importance Indice % I . I . = k s 1 × c 1 × d s 1 / k s 1 × c 1 × d s 1 + k s 2 × c 2 × d s 2 + k s n × c n × d s n x 100. T h e % I . I . separated the loss sources [e.g., Edessa rufomarginata De Geer, 1773 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on fruits = 41.90%)] on the percentage of reduction of fruit production (e.g., 0.13%), calculated the attention level (e.g., 0.10/fruit), with a total lost production of 1.35% ( 307 total lost fruits). The % I.I. also separated the solution sources [e.g., Zelus armillatus (Lep. and Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) = 55.48%), the non-attention level (e.g., Z. armillatus: 0.394 for E. rufomarginata on fruit), with total income gain of 0.56% ( 128 total saved fruits) on the natural system (e.g., C. brasiliense trees). This index can calculate losses or the effectiveness of the solutions monetarily. Here I test the % I.I., an index that can detect the key loss and solution sources on the system, which can be applied in some knowledge areas.

Resumo Frequências, magnitudes e distribuição de ocorrência pode afetar os eventos. O problema pode ser pior ou a solução melhor se maiores frequências e magnitudes forem apresentadas com distribuição agregada no sistema de produção. Índices, então, são usados para assistir na decisão de certas questões. O sistema formado pelo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae), uma espécie arbórea típica e economicamente importante do Cerrado brasileiro, e seus diversos artrópodes são adequados para avaliar um novo índice. A motivação deste trabalho foi testar um índice capaz de identificar as fontes de perda e de soluções, e suas importâncias em termos de perdas ou ganhos no sistema. O índice é: percentagem de importância % I . I . = k s 1 × c 1 × d s 1 / k s 1 × c 1 × d s 1 + k s 2 × c 2 × d s 2 + k s n × c n × d s n x 100. O % I . I . separou as fontes de perda [ex., Edessa rufomarginata De Geer, 1773 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em frutos = 41,90%)] na percentagem de redução na produção de frutos (ex., 0,13%), calculando o nível de atenção (ex., 0,10/fruto), com um total de perda de produção de 1,35% ( 307 frutos totais perdidos). O % I.I. também separou as fontes de solução [ex., Zelus armillatus (Lep. and Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) = 55,48%)], o nível de não atenção (ex., Z. armillatus: 0,394 para E. rufomarginata em fruto), com total de ganho de 0,56% ( 128 total de frutos salvos) no sistema natural (ex., árvores de C. brasiliense). Esse índice pode calcular essas perdas ou a eficácia das soluções monetariamente. Aqui eu testo o % I.I., um índice capaz de detectar fatores chaves de perda e de soluções no sistema, capaz de ser aplicado em algumas áreas do conhecimento.

Percentage of importance indice-production unknown: loss and solution sources identification on system / Percentagem de índice de importância-produção desconhecida: identificação de fontes de perda e de solução no sistema

Abstract Indices are used to help on decision-making. This study aims to develop and test an index, which can determine the loss (e.g., herbivorous insects) and solution (e.g., natural enemies) sources. They will be classified according to their importance regarding the ability to damage or to reduce the source of damage to the system when the final production is unknown. Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs, and it is adequate to evaluate a new index. The formula was: Percentage of the Importance Indice-Production Unknown (% I.I.-PU) = [(ks1 x c1 x ds1)/Σ (ks1 x c1 x ds1) + (ks2 x c2 x ds2) + (ksn x cn x dsn)] x 100. The loss sources Aethalion reticulatum L., 1767 (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Stereoma anchoralis Lacordaire, 1848 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and Tettigoniidae, and solution sources Uspachus sp. (Araneae: Salticidae), Salticidae (Araneae), and Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) showed the highest % I.I.-PU on leaves of A. auriculiformis saplings. The number of Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was reduced per number of Salticidae; that of A. reticulatum that of Uspachus sp.; and that of Cephalocoema sp. (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) that of P. termitarius on A. auriculiformis saplings. However, the number of Aleyrodidae was increased per number of Cephalotes sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and that of A. reticulatum that of Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on A. auriculiformis saplings. The A. reticulatum damage was reduced per number of Uspachus sp., but the Aleyrodidae damage was increased per number of Cephalotes sp., totaling 23.81% of increase by insect damages on A. auriculiformis saplings. Here I show and test the % I.I.-PU. It is an new index that can detect the loss or solution sources on a system when production is unknown. It can be applied in some knowledge areas.

Resumo Índices são usados para ajudar na tomada de decisões. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e testar um índice capaz de determinar fontes de perda (ex.: insetos herbívoros) e de solução (ex.: inimigos naturais). Eles serão classificados de acordo com sua importância quanto a habilidade de danificar ou reduzir danos no sistema, quando a produção final é desconhecida. Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae), uma espécie pioneira não nativa do Brasil com rápido crescimento e rusticidade, usada em programas de restauração, é adequada para avaliar um novo índice. A fórmula foi: Porcentagem de Índice de Importância-Produção Desconhecida (% I.I.-PD) = [(ks1 x c1 x ds1)/Σ (ks1 x c1 x ds1) + (ks2 x c2 x ds2) + (ksn x cn x dsn)] x 100. As fontes de perda Aethalion reticulatum L., 1767 (Hemiptera: Aethalionidae), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera), Stereoma anchoralis Lacordaire, 1848 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) e Tettigoniidae, e as fontes de solução Uspachus sp. (Araneae: Salticidae), Salticidae (Araneae) e Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith, 1877) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) apresentaram maiores % I.I.-PD nas folhas das mudas de A. auriculiformis. O número de Diabrotica speciosa Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) foi reduzido pelo número de Salticidae; o de A. reticulatum pelo de Uspachus sp.; e o de Cephalocoema sp. (Orthoptera: Proscopiidae) pelo de P. termitarius em mudas de A. auriculiformis. Entretanto, o número de Aleyrodidae foi aumentado pelo número de Cephalotes sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e o de A. reticulatum pelo de Brachymyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em mudas de A. auriculiformis. O dano de A. reticulatum foi reduzido pelo número de Uspachus sp., mas o dano de Aleyrodidae foi aumentado pelo número de Cephalotes sp., totalizando 23,81% de aumento de danos em mudas de A. auriculiformis. Aqui eu apresento e testo o % I.I.-PD. Ele é um novo índice capaz de detectar fontes de perda e de solução no sistema quando não se conhece a produção final. Ele pode ser aplicado em algumas áreas do conhecimento.

Do arthropods and diseases affect the production of fruits on Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae)? / Artrópodes e doenças afetam a produção de frutos em Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae)?

Frequencies, magnitudes, and distributions of occurrence can affect the events. The problem can be worse or the solution better if greater frequencies and magnitudes are presented with aggregated distribution in the production system. Indices, hence, are used to assist in decision-making on certain issues. The system formed by Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae), a typical and economically important Brazilian Cerrado tree species, and its several arthropods are adequate to evaluate a new index. This study aimed to test an index to identify the loss and solution sources and their importance in the system's loss or income gain. The index is: Percentage of Importance Indice [...] separated the loss sources [e.g., Edessa rufomarginata De Geer, 1773 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on fruits = 41.90%)] on the percentage of reduction of fruit production (e.g., 0.13%), calculated the attention level (e.g., 0.10/fruit), with a total lost production of 1.35% (≈ 307 total lost fruits). The % I.I. also separated the solution sources [e.g., Zelus armillatus (Lep. and Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) = 55.48%), the non-attention level (e.g., Z. armillatus: 0.394 for E. rufomarginata on fruit), with total income gain of 0.56% (≈ 128 total saved fruits) on the natural system (e.g., C. brasiliense trees). This index can calculate losses or the effectiveness of the solutions monetarily. Here I test the % I.I., an index that can detect the key loss and solution sources on the system, which can be applied in some knowledge areas.

Frequências, magnitudes e distribuição de ocorrência pode afetar os eventos. O problema pode ser pior ou a solução melhor se maiores frequências e magnitudes forem apresentadas com distribuição agregada no sistema de produção. Índices, então, são usados para assistir na decisão de certas questões. O sistema formado pelo Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae), uma espécie arbórea típica e economicamente importante do Cerrado brasileiro, e seus diversos artrópodes são adequados para avaliar um novo índice. A motivação deste trabalho foi testar um índice capaz de identificar as fontes de perda e de soluções, e suas importâncias em termos de perdas ou ganhos no sistema. O índice é: percentagem de importância [...] separou as fontes de perda [ex., Edessa rufomarginata De Geer, 1773 (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) em frutos = 41,90%)] na percentagem de redução na produção de frutos (ex., 0,13%), calculando o nível de atenção (ex., 0,10/fruto), com um total de perda de produção de 1,35% (≈ 307 frutos totais perdidos). O % I.I. também separou as fontes de solução [ex., Zelus armillatus (Lep. and Servi., 1825) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) = 55,48%)], o nível de não atenção (ex., Z. armillatus: 0,394 para E. rufomarginata em fruto), com total de ganho de 0,56% (≈ 128 total de frutos salvos) no sistema natural (ex., árvores de C. brasiliense). Esse índice pode calcular essas perdas ou a eficácia das soluções monetariamente. Aqui eu testo o % I.I., um índice capaz de detectar fatores chaves de perda e de soluções no sistema, capaz de ser aplicado em algumas áreas do conhecimento.

Study on constancy of CT numbers of SIEMENS Sensation Open CT-simulator / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To evaluate the constancy of CT numbers of SIEMENS Sensation Open CT-simulator by analyzing the CT numbers of seven materials obtained from quality assurance(QA)tests. Methods QA tests for SIEMENS Sensation Open CT-simulator were performed with the Catphan504 phantom monthly. The CT images were obtained using three scan protocols(HeadSeq,RT_Head,and RT_Abdomen)for the CTP404 module in the phantom. The DoseLab software was used to analyze the 72 CT images acquired from January 2014 to December 2015,and the CT numbers(Y)of seven materials were obtained. Statistical analysis was performed on the Y data. The mean,standard deviation,maximum, minimum,and range values of Y for seven materials were calculated in three scan protocols. Results The standard deviation values of air,polymethylpentene,low-density polyethylene,polystyrene,acrylic acid, polyoxymethylene resin(Delrin),and polytetrafluoroethylene(Teflon)were as follows:(1)HeadSeq:0.54, 0.60,0.82,0.58,0.75,0.66,and 1.83 HU;(2)RT_Head:0.08,0.69,0.86,0.66,0.80,0.89,and 2.49 HU;(3)RT_Abdomen:0.11,0.61,0.76,0.72,0.78,0.96,and 2.56 HU.According to the statistical data, the constancy of CT numbers of the SIEMENS Sensation Open CT-simulator was in good condition in two years. Conclusions The variation of CT numbers of Teflon is the biggest among the seven materials. The relative values of CT numbers between different scan protocols vary with the relative electron density of materials.

Predictors of Poor Retention in Care of HIV-infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Korea: Five-Year Hospital-based Retrospective Cohort Study

Poor retention in care (RIC) is associated with higher antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure and worse survival. Identifying high risk patients for poor RIC is important for targeted intervention. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Korea. HIV-infected patients initiating ART during 2002-2008 were included. 5 year-RIC was measured by hospital visit constancy (HVC) at 5 years after initiating ART. Among 247 enrolled patients, 179 (72.5%) remained in care, 20 (8.1%) were transferred to other hospitals, 9 (3.6%) died and 39 (15.8%) were lost to follow-up. We compared the demographic, psychosocial, and clinical characteristics between the groups with 100% HVC (n = 166, 67.2%) and 50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-15.15, P = 0.036), no non-HIV related comorbidity (OR 2.94 vs. comorbidity > or = 1; 95% CI 1.02-8.49, P = 0.046), baseline CD4 cell count > 300 cells/muL (OR 3.58 vs. < or = 200; 95% CI 1.33-9.65, P = 0.012) were significant predictable factors of poor RIC. HIV/AIDS care-givers should pay attention to young patients with higher baseline CD4 cell counts and no non-HIV related comorbidity.

Functional vision barriers: a new concept analyzed in terms of human visual performance

In this work we introduce a new category of barriers that we call "functional vision barriers." This expression refers to lighting and visual elements that may complicate or hinder functional vision and may make life even more difficult for people with visual defects. These barriers appear as a consequence of certain negative effects caused by the poor design of the visual stimulus or visual environment that surrounds it in which lighting is one of the main factors. We use the term "functional vision" because this expression refers to the ability of the visual system to perform everyday tasks. We analyzed some of our previous results with regard to situations that can be considered "functional vision barriers": (1) stimuli with low luminance contrast information in which the addition of chromatic contrast improves visual performance and (2) tasks that are performed in the presence of a glare source in the visual field, diminishing visual performance and reducing brightness perception...

Causes of Death and Risk Factors for Mortality among HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Korea

A retrospective study was conducted to determine the mortality, causes and risk factors for death among HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Korea. The outcomes were determined by time periods, during the first year of ART and during 1-5 yr after ART initiation, respectively. Patients lost to follow-up were traced to ascertain survival status. Among 327 patients initiating ART during 1998-2006, 68 patients (20.8%) died during 5-yr follow-up periods. Mortality rate per 100 person-years was 8.69 (95% confidence interval, 5.68-12.73) during the first year of ART, which was higher than 4.13 (95% confidence interval, 2.98-5.59) during 1-5 yr after ART. Tuberculosis was the most common cause of death in both periods (30.8% within the first year of ART and 16.7% during 1-5 yr after ART). During the first year of ART, clinical category B and C at ART initiation, and underlying malignancy were significant risk factors for mortality. Between 1 and 5 yr after ART initiation, CD4 cell count < or = 50 cells/microL at ART initiation, hepatitis B virus co-infection, and visit constancy < or = 50% were significant risk factors for death. This suggests that different strategies to reduce mortality according to the time period after ART initiation are needed.

Surgical Outcomes of Intermittent Exotropia According to the Constancy

PURPOSE: To investigate how the constancy of intermittent exotropia affects postoperative motor and sensory outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of 44 patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT group) and 16 patients with constant exotropia with a previous history of intermittent exotropia (CXT group). All patients were followed up for more than 1 year postoperatively. Successful postoperative motor alignment was defined as within 8 prism diopters of exo- or esotropia at 6 meters and 33 centimeters. Successful sensory outcome (bifixation) was considered as stereoacuity < or =60 seconds of arc. The influence of constancy, age at surgery, duration of strabismus, preoperative gross stereopsis, preoperative distant deviation, and preoperative distant fusion to surgical outcomes were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Mean age at surgery and follow-up periods was 9.34 years and 37.8 months in the IXT group, and 10.19 years and 45.7 months in the CXT group. Successful motor alignment rates of the IXT and CXT groups were 65.9% and 48.3%, respectively. Postoperative bifixation rates of the IXT and CXT groups were 70.5% and 12.5%, respectively. The IXT group showed significantly better successful sensory outcome (p = 0.000), but no significant difference in motor outcome (p = 0.121). Constancy and preoperative distant fusion were associated with post-operative bifixation in univariate regression analysis (p = 0.001, 0.025, respectively). However, only the constancy was strongly associated with successful sensory outcome in multivariate regression analysis with an odds ratio of 20.138 (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical correction of intermittent exotropia during the intermittent period showed better sensory outcome than in constant deviation period.

Variação sazonal e diversidade de peixes do rio Cambará, Bacia do rio Uruguai / Seasonal variation and diversity of fishes of the Cambará river, Uruguay Basin

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a ictiofauna do rio Cambará, Bacia do rio Uruguai, bem como as dimensões corporais de seus representantes. O trabalho foi realizado em dois trechos do rio Cambará (2ª ordem) em Cruz Alta/RS. Para a realização da pesquisa foram identificados exemplares capturados em maio, setembro e novembro de 2009 e fevereiro de 2010. Utilizaram-se redes de espera, que permaneceram expostas por 24 horas, sendo revisadas a cada oito horas (1; 9 e 17 horas). Além das malhas de espera, também se utilizou rede de arrasto (malha 1,0 mm) e varas de pesca. Os peixes coletados foram catalogados e fixados em formol a 10,0% e depois conservados em álcool 70,0%. Ao todo, identificaram-se 420 indivíduos, pertencentes a 26 espécies distribuídas em oito famílias. As espécies classificaram-se em: constantes (23,08%), acessórias (42,31%) e acidentais (34,61%). As famílias Loricariidae (nove espécies e 156 indivíduos) e Characidae (sete espécies e 136 indivíduos) foram as mais abundantes. Entre os indivíduos coletados destacam-se como mais abundantes: Hemiancistrus fuliginosus (89), Astyanax eigenmanniorum (50) e Rhamdia quelen (44). Registraram-se uma espécie de grande porte (Hoplias lacerdae, com 164,92 g de peso total e 23,40 cm de comprimento total), cinco espécies de médio porte (98,55-164,92 g de peso total e 19,56-21,50 cm de comprimento total) e 20 espécies de pequeno porte (inferiores a 57,79 g de peso total e 17,38 cm de comprimento total). A diversidade coletada apresentou-se mais elevada nos meses mais quentes, principalmente entre 1 e 9 horas. A curva do coletor demonstrou que ainda existem espécies de peixes a serem coletadas no rio Cambará. Conclui-se que apesar da existência de impactos ambientais nos trechos de estudo, o mesmo demonstrou diversidade e riqueza satisfatórias, influenciados por fatores como heterogeneidade de habitats e oferta de material alóctone, bem como fatores intrínsecos (atividade e reprodução) das espécies presentes.

The aim of this study was to analyze the ictiofaun of Cambará River, Uruguay Basin, as well as the body dimensions of the organisms. The work was accomplished in two stretches of Cambará River (2nd order) in Cruz Alta, RS. To the accomplishment of this research were performed identifications of individuals captured in May, September and November 2009 and February 2010 by using of gillnets, which remained in water for 24 hours, being checked every eight hours (1:00 and 9:00 AM and 5:00 P.M.). Besides the gillnets, were also used trawl (mesh 1.0 mm), and fishing rods. The fish collected were cataloged and fixed in formaldehyde at 10.0% and then conserved in alcohol 70.0%. In total, 420 individuals were identified, with a richness of 26 species and eight families. The species were classified in: constant (23.08%), accessory (42.31%) and accidental (34.61%). Loricariidae (nine species and 156 individuals) and Characidae (seven species and 136 individuals) were the most typical. Among individuals collected are highlighted as more abundant: Hemiancistrus fuliginosus (89), Astyanax eigenmanniorum (50), and Rhamdia aff. quelen (44). One recorded species was of large mien (Hoplias lacerdae, with 164.92 g total weight and 23.40 cm total length), five medium sized species (98.55-164.92 g total weight and 19.56-21.50 cm total length) and 20 small species (less than 57.79 g total weight and 17.38 cm total length). The diversity was higher in hotter months, mainly between 1:00 and 9:00 A.M. The collector curve showed that still exist species of fish for being collected in Cambará River. Concluding that despite of the existence of environmental impacts in the stretch of study, it showed satisfactory diversity and richness, influenced by factors like heterogeneity of habitats and supply of allochthonouss material, as well as intrinsic factors (activity and reproduction) to the present species.

Constancia de velocidad en imágenes naturales / Velocity constancy in natural images / Constance de vitesse dans les images naturelles / Constância de velocidade em imagens naturais

La investigación sobre el sistema visual condujo a la emergencia de modelos basados en los componentes neurales de dicho sistema, que permiten describir el modo en que es extraída la información de velocidad contenida en una escena con movimiento. El hecho de que estos modelos sean sensibles al tamaño de los estímulos presentados en la retina en combinación con el cambio de tamaño debido a la distancia a la cual se presentan los objetos, llevó a la pregunta acerca de cómo es posible la percepción de una velocidad constante, independientemente de la distancia a la cual se desplazan los objetos. En este trabajo revisamos las investigaciones realizadas sobre la constancia de la velocidad percibida e indagamos acerca de la importancia de la familiaridad de los objetos en movimiento. Por medio de experimentos psicofísicos con imágenes naturales, mostramos que la familiaridad juega un rol importante al momento de asignar perceptualmente la velocidad de un objeto en movimiento.

The investigation of the visual system produced models based on the neural components of such system, capable of describing the way in which the velocity information contained in a scene with movement is extracted. The fact that these models are sensitive to the size of the stimuli in combination with the distance to which the objects are presented on the retina, led to the question about how it could be possible the perception of a velocity independent from the object distance. In this work, we revised the investigations about velocity constancy and explore the effect of familiarity on the perception of speed. We performed a series of psychophysical experiments by using natural images and show that familiarity plays an important role in the assignment of a perceived speed to moving objects.

Recherche sur le système visuel l'a conduit à l'émergence de modèles basés sur les composants du système nerveux. Ces modèles peuvent décrire la façon dont il est extrait des informations de vitesse contenue dans une scène émouvante. Le fait que ces modèles sont sensibles à la taille des stimuli présentés dans la rétine, avec le changement de taille en raison de la distance à laquelle les objets sont présentés, ont conduit à la question de comment la perception d'une vitesse constante quelle que soit la distance à laquelle les objets se déplacent. Ici nous passons en revue la recherche sur le constance de vitesse perçue et en savoir davantage sur l'importance de la familiarité des objets en mouvement. Grâce à des expériences psychophysiques avec des images naturelles montrent que la familiarité joue un rôle important dans la détermination de la vitesse de perception d'un objet en mouvement.

A pesquisa sobre o sistema visual tem levado à emergência de modelos baseados nos componentes neurais de dito sistema, que permitem descrever o modo como é extraída a informação de velocidade contida numa cena com movimento. O fato de que estes modelos sejam sensíveis ao tamanho dos estímulos apresentados na retina, em combinação com a mudança de tamanho devida à distância à qual são apresentados os objetos, levou à pergunta de como é possível a percepção de uma velocidade constante, independentemente da distância pela qual se movimentam os objetos. Neste trabalho, revisamos as investigações realizadas sobre a constância da velocidade percebida e indagamos acerca da importância da familiaridade dos objetos em movimento. Mediante experimentos psicofísicos com imagens naturais, mostramos que a familiaridade tem um papel importante na hora de atribuir perceptualmente a velocidade de um objeto em movimento.

Effects of forest fragmentation on dipterofauna (Calliphoridae) at the Reserva Biológica do Tinguá, Nova Iguaçu, RJ / Efeitos da fragmentação florestal sobre a dipterofauna (Calliphoridae) na Reserva Biológica do Tinguá, Nova Iguaçu, RJ

Samples were collected every month in three different sites of the Reserva Biológica do Tinguá, Brazil: site A was located on the border of the forest and sites B and C were located 1,000 and 500 m, respectively, towards the forest interior. The objective was to determine edge effects on a fragment of the Atlantic Forest. The greatest species richness was observed in sites A and B (23 species), compared with site C (16 species). Site A showed the greatest abundance and constancy, independent of the degree of synanthropy. Asynanthropic species were more abundant and constant in sites B and C. Site B showed the greatest diversity; and sites A and B showed the greatest similarity of populations. There was no significant correlation between Calliphoridae richness and canopy openness except in site C. Richness and abundance were positively correlated with subwood density, except for richness in site B.

Foram realizadas coletas mensais em três pontos da Reserva Biológica do Tinguá: o ponto A estava localizado na borda da mata, e os pontos B e C estavam localizados, respectivamente, a 1000 e 500 m no interior da mata. Objetivou-se determinar os efeitos de borda em um fragmento da Mata Atlântica. A riqueza de espécies foi maior nos pontos A e B (23 espécies), em relação ao ponto C (16 espécies). No ponto A, ocorreu maior abundância e constância de califorídeos, independente do seu grau de sinantropia. Nos pontos B e C, as espécies assinantrópicas foram mais abundantes e constantes. O ponto B apresentou a maior diversidade registrada. Os pontos A e B apresentam maior similaridade quanto às populações. Não houve significativa correlação entre riqueza de califorídeos e abertura do dossel, exceto no ponto C. Riqueza e abundância correlacionaram-se positivamente com densidade do sub-bosque, exceto para riqueza no ponto B.

The effect of space and color on judging speeds of traffic lights / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of mental processing speeds of judging traffic lights varying in location and color meaning. Methods 20 healthy adult male (age: 18 ～30 years) were enrolled in this study. By simulation of traffic lights as picture stimuli, all subjects performed a Go/NoGo task separately under normal condition, location-reversed condition, color meaning-reversed condition and both location and color meaning-reversed condition randomly. The accuracy rate and reaction time of the behavior task were quantified. Results The average accuracy rate of the four conditions was 99. 13% , no differences were found in different traffic light colors and different conditions. In the normal condition,the subjects' reaction time(ms) of traffic lights were as fallowings: red light 491.59 ±71.74; green light 487.55 ±58. 11, no difference was found between the two traffic light colors (P=0.522). In the location-reversed condition, subjects' average reaction time(ms) was respectively for red light 606.29 ± 107.59, and green light 593.13 ± 102.45. In the color meaning-reversed condition, it was respectively for red light 572.08 ±78.75, and green light 592.43 ±87.58. Compared with the normal condition, subjects' reaction time was prolonged in the location-reversed condition (F(1,19)=59.77, P<0.01), and also in the color meaning-reversed condition (F(1,19) =52.55, P<0.01). When in the both location and color meaning-reversed condition, the subjects' reaction time (ms) of traffic lights was respectively 502.92 ± 65.27 for red light, and 508.97 ±63.40 for green light,the result came close to statistical significance(P= 0.065)compared with the normal condition. Conclusion A likely "conceptual constancy" is demonstrated on the basis of prolonging the brains' information processing when location and color information changes.

Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) present in the flowers of the balsa wood Ochroma lagopus Swartz, 1788 / Abelhas (Hymenoptera: Apidae) associadas às flores do pau-de-balsa Ochroma lagopus Swartz, 1788

The flower of balsa wood holds about 10 to 15 mL of nectar, which helps attracting pollinating agents, since the genus Ochroma is incapable of self-fertilization. However, a high mortality of bees is observed in these flowers. The present study investigated the frequency and constancy of mortality of the individuals of the family Apidae that fed on nectar from the balsa wood. Data was gathered from June to August 2008, in Lavras ­ Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In addition, the survival of the Africanized bees that fed on the nectar of this flower was compared to those that fed on 50% aqueous solution of honey. Forty flowers were analyzed, and 949 individuals of the orders Hymenoptera (98.1%), Hemiptera (0.95%), Coleoptera (0.74%) and Diptera (0.21%) were collected. Most Hymenoptera individuals were bees of the genera Partamona and Trigona (677 individuals), which were considered of constant occurrence. Flowers producing up to 16.7 nectar mL were found. The nectar diet contained 16.44% of total sugar, and resulted in low survival of the bees in laboratory (31.32  2.37 hours), compared to a diet of 50% aqueous solution of honey (112.32 2.03 hours).

A flor do pau-de-balsa produz cerca de 10 a 15 mL de néctar, útil na atração de polinizadores, uma vez que o gênero Ochroma é incapaz de fazer autofecundação. É observada intensa mortalidade de abelhas em suas flores. Objetivou-se realizar o levantamento da frequência e constância de mortalidade de indivíduos da família Apidae, sendo os dados levantados no período de junho a agosto de 2008 em Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Além disso, avaliou-se a sobrevivência de abelhas africanizadas alimentadas com o néctar desta flor quando comparados com aquelas alimentadas com solução aquosa de mel a 50%. Foram analisadas 40 flores e coletados 949 indivíduos das Ordens: Hymenoptera (98,1%), Hemiptera (0,95%), Coleoptera (0,74%) e Diptera (0,21%). Dentre os himenópteros os mais frequentes foram dos gêneros Partamona e Trigona com 677 indivíduos, sendo estes considerados de incidência constante. Observaram -se flores com até 16,7 mL de néctar. O néctar apresentou 16,44% de açúcares totais e baixa sobrevivência das abelhas em laboratório (31,32  2,37h) quando comparadas com a dieta à base de mel (112,32  2,03h).

Novel radiological features of multiple primary keratocystic odontogenic tumor: 11 cases of basal cell nevus syndrome / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To investigate radiological features in early diagnosis for multiple primary keratocystic odontogenic tumor (MPKCOT). Methods: The radiologic data of 9 cases of MPKCOT were analyzed retrospectively, and used to give comprehensive diagnosis in 2 subsequent cases. Results: The primary lesions of MPKCOT showed some special imaging features, such as symmetry, constant position and asynchronism which appeared in the most cases. Conclusion: Basing on the features mentioned above, the minor primary lesions of MPKCOT in other regions can be diagnosed earlier.